doi:10.18503/2658-3186-2025-9-3-28-37
Abstract. The formation and development of the women's education in Russia is the least studied problem in the history of Russian education. By the end of the 19th century, an extensive system of secondary female education had been created, which was rapidly developing and, at that time, it was noticeably ahead of the men's school. This article discusses the problems of the development of women's education in the Urals. The archival, official documentary materials, the press, journalistic and statistical sources show the processes of feminization of teaching staff and the role of additional classes in teacher training process. The author creates a collective portrait of the heads of the ministerial and private female gymnasiums and progymnasiums of Orenburg educational district, who primarily provided a new level of education for young girls. The paper considers main problems of the women's secondary educational institutions in the Urals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and activities the heads have been undertaking to solve these problems. The article analyzes the requirements that were imposed on applicants for the position of heads of gymnasiums; highlights the main forms of their work: participation in teaching, educational and charitable activities; provides the information about their age, religion, education, financial and marital status. The author concluded that the work was the main vital matter of their lives. These issues are considered in detail on the example of the life and work of the head of Troitsk Girls' Gymnasium, who worked at the school for more than 70 years, Maria Vasilyevna Kammenskaya. The heads of women's gymnasiums and progymnasiums belonged to the intellectual elite of that period. Their activity contributed to the improvement of the status of educational institutions, raised the level of culture and education of the Ural cities during the specified period.
Keywords: girls' gymnasiums and progymnasiums, social image, collective portrait of female heads, education, personality, biografika, Ural
Information about the author
Rushanin V. Ya. – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of the Department of History, Museology and document management of The Chelyabinsk State Institute of Culture and Arts. Chelyabinsk, Russia.
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For citation: Rushanin V. Ya. Headmistresses of Ural Girls' Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums: A Collective Portrait, Gumanitarno-pedagogicheskie issledovaniya = Humanitarian and pedagogical Research, 2025, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 28–37. (In Russ.) doi:10.18503/2658-3186-2025-9-3-28-37.